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436 Examining the Role of Obesity and Leptin Signaling in Triple Negative Breast Cancer
- Courtney Brock, Maryl K. Wright, Khoa Nguyen, Katherine Hebert, Madlin Alzoubi, Thomas Cheng, Bridgette M. Collins-Burow, Matthew E. Burow
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 6 / Issue s1 / April 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 April 2022, p. 86
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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: In triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), obesity is associated with poor outcomes. Adipose stem cells (ASCs) from obese patients (obASCs) secrete higher levels of adipokines compared to ASCs from lean individuals. Leptin, one of these adipokines, has been implicated in many cancers. This study seeks to examine the role of leptin signaling in TNBC. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Previous work in conjunction with a collaborating lab has shown that leptin signaling promotes metastasis and increased expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers in triple negative breast cancer cell lines. This project expands upon this work through using both patient-derived cell lines and and patient-derived xenografts (PDX), and examines the role of leptin signaling both in vitro and in vivo. To determine the effects of obesity upon a PDX model of TNBC, a high fat diet was used to induce obesity in vivo. A pharmacological inhibitor of the leptin receptor was used to test the requirement for leptin signaling both in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Exposure to conditioned media harvested from obASCs increased the percentage of TNBC cells that expressed cancer stem cell markers, whereas exposure to an inhibitor of the leptin receptor decreased the percentage of cells with cancer stem cell markers. PDX tumors implanted into mice with diet-induced obesity had an increased volume compared to tumors implanted into lean controls. Further analysis will be conducted on metastasis, circulating tumor cells, and survival in both lean and obese mice. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Understanding the complex signaling events in the obese tumor microenvironment is essential, as these molecular differences may contribute to different outcomes for obese and lean individuals with triple negative breast cancer. Therefore, study of the crosstalk between obASCs and TNBC cells is critical.
Biological alterations during remission of major depressive disorder
- B. Hartinger, C. Scharinger, K. Diers, C. Kasess, W. Huf, K. Kalcher, R. Boubela, G. Pail, B. Brocke, S. Kasper, E. Moser, L. Pezawas
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 26 / Issue S2 / March 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 April 2020, p. 633
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Introduction
The natural course of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) encompasses the occurrence of alternating intervals of major depressive episodes and remission. While several abnormalities in neural circuits related to acute MDD have been identified, the neural mechanisms underlying stable remission remain obscure.
ObjectivesAcute MDD is characterized by increased amygdala and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sACC) activation and decreased connectivity between the amygdala and the sACC. Consequently, we expect those regions to be affected during remission.
AimsTo determine whether active counter-regulatory mechanisms are implicated in the maintenance of full remission once antidepressant treatment has been discontinued.
MethodsFunctional and structural magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure brain activation and volume of the amygdala and the sACC. Images were obtained from 38 healthy subjects without any psychiatric life-time diagnosis and 38 gender-matched drug-free remitted MDD patients. Furthermore, correlation analyses were performed with clinical variables.
ResultsPatients with rMDD exhibited lower activation in the amygdala and the sACC and increased functional coupling between the amygdala and sACC compared to controls. This connectivity was particularly pronounced in patients characterized by a long cumulated time of depressive episodes. Similarly, structural connectivity results showed increased association between the amygdala and sACC volume in rMDD patients compared to controls.
ConclusionsRemitted MDD is related to neural alterations within a neural circuit encompassing the amygdala and the sACC compared to controls. These findings suggest active counter-regulatory mechanisms likely contributing to the maintenance of remission once treatment has been discontinued.
IR hot carrier based photodetection in titanium nitride oxide thin film-Si junctions
- Nicholas A. Güsken, Alberto Lauri, Yi Li, Andrea Jacassi, Takayuki Matsui, Brock Doiron, Ryan Bower, Anna Regoutz, Andrei Mihai, Peter K. Petrov, Rupert F. Oulton, Lesley F. Cohen, Stefan A. Maier
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- Journal:
- MRS Advances / Volume 5 / Issue 35-36 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 February 2020, pp. 1843-1850
- Print publication:
- 2020
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Hot carrier based methods constitute a valuable approach for efficient and silicon compatible sub-bandgap photodetection. Although, hot electron excitation and transfer have been studied extensively on traditional materials such as Au and Ti, reports on alternative materials such as titanium nitride (TiN) are rare. Here, we perform hot hole photodetection measurements on a p-Si/metal thin film junction using Ti, Au and TiN. This material is of interest as it constitutes a refractory alternative to Au which is an important property for plasmonic applications where high field intensities can occur. In contrast to Au, a TiN/Si junction does not suffer from metal diffusion into the Si, which eases the integration with current Si-fabrication techniques. This work shows that a backside illuminated p-Si/TiN system can be used for efficient hot hole extraction in the IR, allowing for a responsivity of 1 mA/W at an excitation wavelength of 1250 nm and at zero bias. Via a comparison between TiN and other commonly used materials such as Au, the origin of this comparably high photoresponse can be traced back to be directly linked to a thin TiO2-x interfacial layer allowing for a distinct hot-hole transfer mechanism. Moreover, the fabrication of TiN nanodisk arrays is demonstrated which bears great promise to further boost the device efficiency.
The impact of education, country, race and ethnicity on the self-report of postpartum depression using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
- A. Di Florio, K. Putnam, M. Altemus, G. Apter, V. Bergink, J. Bilszta, R. Brock, A. Buist, K. M. Deligiannidis, E. Devouche, C. N. Epperson, C. Guille, D. Kim, P. Lichtenstein, P. K. E. Magnusson, P. Martinez, T. Munk-Olsen, J. Newport, J. Payne, B. W. Penninx, M. O'Hara, E. Robertson-Blackmore, S. J. Roza, K. M. Sharkey, S. Stuart, H. Tiemeier, A. Viktorin, P. J. Schmidt, P. F. Sullivan, Z. N. Stowe, K. L. Wisner, I. Jones, D. R. Rubinow, S. Meltzer-Brody
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 47 / Issue 5 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 November 2016, pp. 787-799
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Background
Universal screening for postpartum depression is recommended in many countries. Knowledge of whether the disclosure of depressive symptoms in the postpartum period differs across cultures could improve detection and provide new insights into the pathogenesis. Moreover, it is a necessary step to evaluate the universal use of screening instruments in research and clinical practice. In the current study we sought to assess whether the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the most widely used screening tool for postpartum depression, measures the same underlying construct across cultural groups in a large international dataset.
MethodOrdinal regression and measurement invariance were used to explore the association between culture, operationalized as education, ethnicity/race and continent, and endorsement of depressive symptoms using the EPDS on 8209 new mothers from Europe and the USA.
ResultsEducation, but not ethnicity/race, influenced the reporting of postpartum depression [difference between robust comparative fit indexes (∆*CFI) < 0.01]. The structure of EPDS responses significantly differed between Europe and the USA (∆*CFI > 0.01), but not between European countries (∆*CFI < 0.01).
ConclusionsInvestigators and clinicians should be aware of the potential differences in expression of phenotype of postpartum depression that women of different educational backgrounds may manifest. The increasing cultural heterogeneity of societies together with the tendency towards globalization requires a culturally sensitive approach to patients, research and policies, that takes into account, beyond rhetoric, the context of a person's experiences and the context in which the research is conducted.
Plasmodium knowlesi transmission: integrating quantitative approaches from epidemiology and ecology to understand malaria as a zoonosis
- P. M. BROCK, K. M. FORNACE, M. PARMITER, J. COX, C. J. DRAKELEY, H. M. FERGUSON, R. R. KAO
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- Journal:
- Parasitology / Volume 143 / Issue 4 / April 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 January 2016, pp. 389-400
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The public health threat posed by zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi appears to be growing: it is increasingly reported across South East Asia, and is the leading cause of malaria in Malaysian Borneo. Plasmodium knowlesi threatens progress towards malaria elimination as aspects of its transmission, such as spillover from wildlife reservoirs and reliance on outdoor-biting vectors, may limit the effectiveness of conventional methods of malaria control. The development of new quantitative approaches that address the ecological complexity of P. knowlesi, particularly through a focus on its primary reservoir hosts, will be required to control it. Here, we review what is known about P. knowlesi transmission, identify key knowledge gaps in the context of current approaches to transmission modelling, and discuss the integration of these approaches with clinical parasitology and geostatistical analysis. We highlight the need to incorporate the influences of fine-scale spatial variation, rapid changes to the landscape, and reservoir population and transmission dynamics. The proposed integrated approach would address the unique challenges posed by malaria as a zoonosis, aid the identification of transmission hotspots, provide insight into the mechanistic links between incidence and land use change and support the design of appropriate interventions.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Contributors
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- By Tod C. Aeby, Melanie D. Altizer, Ronan A. Bakker, Meghann E. Batten, Anita K. Blanchard, Brian Bond, Megan A. Brady, Saweda A. Bright, Ellen L. Brock, Amy Brown, Ashley Carroll, Jori S. Carter, Frances Casey, Weldon Chafe, David Chelmow, Jessica M. Ciaburri, Stephen A. Cohen, Adrianne M. Colton, PonJola Coney, Jennifer A. Cross, Julie Zemaitis DeCesare, Layson L. Denney, Megan L. Evans, Nicole S. Fanning, Tanaz R. Ferzandi, Katie P. Friday, Nancy D. Gaba, Rajiv B. Gala, Andrew Galffy, Adrienne L. Gentry, Edward J. Gill, Philippe Girerd, Meredith Gray, Amy Hempel, Audra Jolyn Hill, Chris J. Hong, Kathryn A. Houston, Patricia S. Huguelet, Warner K. Huh, Jordan Hylton, Christine R. Isaacs, Alison F. Jacoby, Isaiah M. Johnson, Nicole W. Karjane, Emily E. Landers, Susan M. Lanni, Eduardo Lara-Torre, Lee A. Learman, Nikola Alexander Letham, Rachel K. Love, Richard Scott Lucidi, Elisabeth McGaw, Kimberly Woods McMorrow, Christopher A. Manipula, Kirk J. Matthews, Michelle Meglin, Megan Metcalf, Sarah H. Milton, Gaby Moawad, Christopher Morosky, Lindsay H. Morrell, Elizabeth L. Munter, Erin L. Murata, Amanda B. Murchison, Nguyet A. Nguyen, Nan G. O’Connell, Tony Ogburn, K. Nathan Parthasarathy, Thomas C. Peng, Ashley Peterson, Sarah Peterson, John G. Pierce, Amber Price, Heidi J. Purcell, Ronald M. Ramus, Nicole Calloway Rankins, Fidelma B. Rigby, Amanda H. Ritter, Barbara L. Robinson, Danielle Roncari, Lisa Rubinsak, Jennifer Salcedo, Mary T. Sale, Peter F. Schnatz, John W. Seeds, Kathryn Shaia, Karen Shelton, Megan M. Shine, Haller J. Smith, Roger P. Smith, Nancy A. Sokkary, Reni A. Soon, Aparna Sridhar, Lilja Stefansson, Laurie S. Swaim, Chemen M. Tate, Hong-Thao Thieu, Meredith S. Thomas, L. Chesney Thompson, Tiffany Tonismae, Angela M. Tran, Breanna Walker, Alan G. Waxman, C. Nathan Webb, Valerie L. Williams, Sarah B. Wilson, Elizabeth M. Yoselevsky, Amy E. Young
- Edited by David Chelmow, Virginia Commonwealth University, Christine R. Isaacs, Virginia Commonwealth University, Ashley Carroll, Virginia Commonwealth University
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- Book:
- Acute Care and Emergency Gynecology
- Published online:
- 05 November 2014
- Print publication:
- 30 October 2014, pp ix-xiv
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Second Radiocarbon Intercomparison Program for the Chauvetpont d'Arc Cave, Ardèche, France
- A Quiles, H Valladas, J-M Geneste, J Clottes, D Baffler, B Berthier, F Brock, C Bronk Ramsey, E Delqué-Količ, J-P Dumoulin, I Hajdas, K Hippe, G W L Hodgins, A Hogg, A J T Jull, E Kaltnecker, M De Martino, C Oberlin, F Petchey, P Steier, H-A Synal, J van der Plicht, E M Wild, A Zazzo
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- Journal:
- Radiocarbon / Volume 56 / Issue 2 / 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 February 2016, pp. 833-850
- Print publication:
- 2014
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The Chauvet-Pont d'Arc Cave is one of the most important sites for the study of the earliest manifestations and development of prehistoric art at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic. Different dating techniques have been performed thus far (AMS 14C, U/Th TIMS, 36Cl dating) to model the chronological framework of this decorated cave. The cave yielded several large charcoal fragments, which enabled the opportunity for obtaining multiple dates; thus, a First Radiocarbon Intercomparison Program (FIP) was initiated in 2004 using three charcoal pieces. The FIP demonstrated that those cross-dated samples belonged to a time period associated with the first human occupation. One of the statistical interests of an intercomparison program is to reduce the uncertainty on the sample age; thus, to further assess the accuracy of the chronological framework, the Second Intercomparison Program (SIP) involving 10 international 14C laboratories was carried out on two pieces of charcoal found inside two hearth structures of the Galerie des Mégacéros. Each laboratory used its own pretreatment and AMS facilities. In total, 21 and 22 measurements were performed, respectively, which yielded consistent results averaging ∼32 ka BP. Two strategies have currently been developed to identify statistical outliers and to deal with them; both lead to quasi-identical calibrated combined densities. Finally, the new results were compared with those of the FIP, leading to the important conclusion that five different samples from at least three different hearth structures give really tightened temporal densities, associated with one short human occupation in the Galerie des Mégacéros.
Analysis of Bone “Collagen” Extraction Products for Radiocarbon Dating
- F Brock, V Geoghegan, B Thomas, K Jurkschat, T F G Higham
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- Journal:
- Radiocarbon / Volume 55 / Issue 2 / 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 February 2016, pp. 445-463
- Print publication:
- 2013
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Archaeological bones are now routinely dated in many radiocarbon laboratories through the extraction of “collagen.” Methods for “collagen” extraction vary, and several laboratories now apply an ultrafiltration step after gelatinization to extract the higher molecular weight (usually >10 or 30kDa) fraction for dating, thereby removing low molecular weight contaminants. Ultrafiltration has been demonstrated to result in products that are easier to handle and have more acceptable C:N ratios, and in some instances can result in significantly improved (generally older) 14C dates when compared to non-ultrafiltered products from the same bone. Although it has been suggested that ultrafiltration removes potential contaminants such as short-chain degraded collagen and other peptides and amino acids, fulvic acids, and salts, there remains little published evidence to support this. This paper presents data from a pilot study investigating the most suitable techniques with which to study the products of the routine “collagen” extraction procedures employed at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU) (modified Longin followed by ultrafiltration). The preliminary data demonstrates that the final product of “collagen” extraction at ORAU appears to be an aggregate consisting of a range of proteins of different molecular weights, including collagen, as well as some other organic matter and inorganic species. Ultrafiltration is removing some, but not all, of the <30kDa fraction from the samples. Further work to investigate the nature of this aggregate and how best to improve the efficiency of “collagen” extraction procedures is discussed.
Emergence of vocal alternation in mother-infant interchanges*
- G. P. Ginsburg, Brock K. Kilbourne
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- Journal:
- Journal of Child Language / Volume 15 / Issue 2 / June 1988
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 February 2009, pp. 221-235
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Microanalyses of unstructured videotaped interactions of three mother-infant dyads revealed dramatic shifts in dyadic vocalization patterns from primarily overlapping to primarily alternating. Maximal overlapping vocalization appeared between 7 and 13 weeks for the different dyads, and subsequent alternation predominance peaked between 12 and 18 weeks. The findings are compared with prior work which had not found alternation predominance and reasons for the difference are suggested. The early emergence of a sequence of predominantly overlapping vocalization followed by predominantly alternating vocalization may be linked to the concomitant development of multimodal sensory-sensory and sensory-motor integration. If so, then the emergent patterns reflect increased potential for co-ordination within the dyad, which may be capitalized upon by the mother and by the infant.
A comparison between two types of beam direction shell for the treatment of age related macular degeneration
- R. Harris, P. Elder, K. Brock, N. Blackler, J. Glanfield
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- Journal:
- Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice / Volume 2 / Issue 3 / September 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 August 2006, pp. 147-159
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Background and Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine set-up accuracy when comparing an Orfit® thermoplastic shell to a traditional acetate shell for the treatment of patients with age related macular degeneration.
Method and Materials: 20 patients with age related macular degeneration were sequentially allocated to be positioned in either an Orfit® shell or a traditional acetate shell (ten patients in each group). On each day of treatment, radiographic portal imaging was used to ascertain accuracy by comparison with the CT image and verification radiograph.
Results: 140 portal images were assessed by three independent readers. Pearson Correlation and ANOVA statistics were performed on the data to assess differences between the two types of shell. Inter- and intraobserver variations were also analysed. Results, for both Orfit® and Acetate, revealed that over 95% of error movements were 2 mm or less.
Conclusions: The study indicates that both devices are of comparable accuracy and that the Orfit® shell is an acceptable method of immobilisation for the treatment of age related macular degeneration.
The haemodilution enhanced onset of coagulation as measured by the thrombelastogram is transient
- T. G. Ruttmann, H. J. M. Lemmens, K. A. Malott, J. G. Brock-Utne
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- Journal:
- European Journal of Anaesthesiology / Volume 23 / Issue 7 / July 2006
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 March 2006, pp. 574-579
- Print publication:
- July 2006
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Summary
Background and objective: Crystalloid haemodilution has been widely found to enhance coagulation onset, but the duration of this effect has never been documented. Methods: Twelve healthy, consenting volunteers had a rapid infusion of 14 mL kg−1 of normal (0.9%) saline. Blood samples were taken, prior to (control), and immediately after (30 min) the rapid saline infusion was completed (30 min). They were then repeated at regular intervals up to 120 min. Haematocrit/platelet counts were taken to determine the degree of dilution and thrombelastograms, with and without platelet antagonists (ReoPro, Abciximab), were measured in all samples. Antithrombin levels were selectively measured. Results: The haematocrit and platelet count showed a rapid dilutional decrease at 30 min (mean of −12.2% and −14.4%, respectively), with values returning towards baseline within 15 min after finishing the infusion. There was a significantly faster onset of coagulation (decrease in r-time) in the post-infusion sample (30 min) compared to control (P < 0.05), again returning towards normal as the dilution effect was reversed. Similar thrombelastograms findings were evident in the plasma factor only group (platelets inhibited by ReoPro). Antithrombin levels changed in keeping with the haemodilution effect (P < 0.0001). There was a linear relationship between antithrombin and thrombelastograms r-time (P = 0.012). Conclusion: The faster onset of coagulation brought on by haemodilution return towards normal as the dilutional effect is reversed. This effect is mediated through plasma clotting factors. Of interest is the significant inverse correlation of the onset of coagulation increasing as the antithrombin levels decreased with dilution.
3 - Patterns
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- By G. E. Koppenwallner, D. Etling, C.-W. Leong, J. M. Ottino, E. Villermaux, J. Duplat, P. D. Weidman, V. O. Afenchenko, A. B. Ezersky, S. V. Kiyashko, M. I. Rabinovich, E. Bodenschatz, S. W. Morris, J. R. De bruyn, D. S. Cannell, G. Ahlers, C. F. Chen, F. Zoueshtiagh, P. J. Thomas, G. Gauthier, P. Gondret, F. Moisy, M. Rabaud, M. Fermigier, P. Jenffer, E. Tan, S. T. Thoroddsen, B. Vukasinovic, A. Glezer, M. K. Smith, N. J. Zabusky, W. Townsend, R. A. Hess, N. J. Brock, B. J. Weber, L. W. Carr, M. S. Chandrasekhara
- M. Samimy, Ohio State University, K. S. Breuer, Brown University, Rhode Island, L. G. Leal, University of California, Santa Barbara, P. H. Steen, Cornell University, New York
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- Book:
- A Gallery of Fluid Motion
- Published online:
- 25 January 2010
- Print publication:
- 12 January 2004, pp 28-41
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Summary
Vortex flows paint themselves
The artistlike pictures of vortex flows presented here have been produced by the flow itself. The method of this “natural” flow visualization can be described briefly as follows: The working fluid is water mixed with some paste in order to increase the viscosity. Vortex flows are produced by pulling a stick or similar devices through the fluid or by injecting fluid through a nozzle into the working tank.
The flow visualization is performed in the following way: the surface of the fluid at rest is sparkled with oil paint of different colors diluted with some evaporating chemical. After the vortex structures have formed due to wakes or jets, a sheet of white paper is placed on the surface of the working fluid, where the oil color is attached to the paper immediately. The final results are artistlike paintings of vortex flows which exhibit a rich variety of flow structures.
Mixing in regular and chaotic flows
These photographs show the time evolution of two passive tracers in a low Reynolds number two-dimensional timeperiodic flow. The initial condition corresponds to two blobs of dye, green and orange, located below the free surface of a cavity filled with glycerine. The flow is induced by moving the top and bottom walls of the cavity while the other two walls are fixed. In this experiment the top wall moves from left to right and the bottom wall moves from right to left; both velocities are of the form Usin2(2πt/T), with the same U and the same period T, but with a phase shift of 90°.
3 - Population dynamics in Soay sheep
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- By T. H. Clutton-Brock, University of Cambridge, B. T. Grenfell, University of Cambridge, T. Coulson, University of Cambridge, A. D. C. MacColl, University of Sheffield, A. W. Illius, University of Edinburgh, M. C. Forchhammer, University of Copenhagen, K. Wilson, University of Stirling, J. Lindström, University of Glasgow, M. J. Crawley, Imperial College London, S. D. Albon, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Banchory: UK
- Edited by T. H. Clutton-Brock, University of Cambridge, J. M. Pemberton, University of Edinburgh
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- Book:
- Soay Sheep
- Published online:
- 07 December 2009
- Print publication:
- 18 December 2003, pp 52-88
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Summary
Introduction
A conspicuous feature of many naturally limited populations of long-lived vertebrates is their relative stability. Both in populations that are regulated by predation or culling and in food-limited populations, population size can persist at approximately the same level for decades or even centuries (Runyoro et al. 1995; Waser et al. 1995; Clutton-Brock et al. 1997a; Newton 1998). The persistent fluctuations shown by Soay sheep and by some other island populations of ungulates (Boyd 1981; Leader-Williams 1988; Boussès 1991) raise general questions about the causes and consequences of variation in the stability of populations (see section 1.2). How regular are they? How are they related to population density? What are their immediate causes? To what extent do fluctuations in food availability, parasite number or predator density contribute to them? And what are their effects on development and on the phenotypic quality of animals born at contrasting population densities? And how much do changes in phenotype contribute to changes in dynamics?
As yet, there are very few cases where we understand either the ecological causes or the demographic consequences of persistent fluctuations in the size of naturally regulated populations of mammals (Hanski 1987; Saether 1997). Since we are able to monitor the growth, movements, breeding success and survival of large samples of individuals as population density changes, the Soay sheep offer an opportunity to investigate the causes and consequences of changes in population size with unusual precision (see Chapter 1).
Color Centers in Magnesium Doped Polycrystalline Alumina
- L. R. Brock, K. C. Mishra, Madis Raukas, Walter P. Lapatovich, George C. Wei
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 667 / 2001
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 March 2011, G7.1
- Print publication:
- 2001
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We have investigated color centers in MgO-doped polycrystalline alumina (PCA) using absorption, excitation, and emission spectroscopy. Most of the color centers that were reported in earlier studies of the crystalline material have been observed to be present in the polycrystalline material. The absorption spectral features observed in the PCA are attributed to various color centers; however, they are not sufficiently resolved to make unique assignments. Suitable combinations of excitation and emission spectroscopy and also measurements at low temperature were therefore used to identify most of the color centers in this material.
Among the numerous color centers that we have identified in PCA are variations of electron centers including F, F+, F2+, F22+ and F+-Mg ((Vo•-MgAl')x). The most prominent oxygen vacancy related defect observed at room temperature was the F+-Mg center, with absorption bands located at 217 and 249 nm, and an emission band at 303 nm. This center can be thought of as being formed by association of an F+ center with a Mg defect. The single crystal sapphire samples containing no Mg show only F+ (Vo•) centers with 230 and 257 nm absorption bands, and a 328 nm emission band.
Low temperature (22 K) fluorescence excitation measurements of PCA led to emission from F22+center at 467 nm. Additionally, there is evidence that the observed 368 nm emission band could be attributed to the zero-phonon line associated with the F2+center.
Morphology of white clover during development from seed to clonal populations in grazed pastures
- J. L. BROCK, K. A. ALBRECHT, J. C. TILBROOK, M. J. M. HAY
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 135 / Issue 2 / September 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 November 2000, pp. 103-111
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Following germination, the ontogeny of white clover is characterized by two distinct morphological growth phases, a seminal taprooted stage followed by a clonal growth stage. Death of the seminal taproot and primary stolon initiates a process of fragmentation of the taprooted plant into a variable number of independent clonal fragments (plants) which comprise the initial population of the clonal growth stage. The objective of this study was to characterize the plant morphology of field-sown white clover populations from germination through to established clonal populations. Populations of eight white clover cultivars were assessed when sown with perennial ryegrass or tall fescue in pastures established under a common grazing regime for 16 months prior to imposition of continuous or rotational grazing treatments. One year from sowing, taprooted plants attained maximum size, with a mean plant branching order of 3·35, stolon DW of 460 mg and lateral spread of 250 mm, with some individuals having 6th order branching, 3·5 g stolon DW and 1m lateral spread. These taprooted plants were 4–5 times the size of plants in the subsequently formed clonal population. Nine months after sowing, the first individual taprooted plants fragmented into clonal plants. Twelve months from sowing, fragmentation processes were occurring at a linear rate, eliminating 6% of the original taprooted population each month. This resulted in a 12–15 month transition period when the white clover population comprised both taprooted and clonal plants. During this transition period, the initial clonal fragments produced from taprooted plants were large, and this maintained a larger mean plant size in the clonal plant proportion of the transition population than measured in the later fully clonal population. This process was also considered to act to prevent the development of the expected differences between grazing managements, as it was not until the third year when all taprooted plants had disappeared that the clonal populations developed characteristics reflecting the expected influence of grazing management. Variation due to white clover cultivar and companion grasses was minor. The substantial differences in plant size and branching structure between taprooted and clonal populations has significant implications for the evaluation of breeding lines.
Time-Resolved Measurements of Overlayer Ordering in Electrodeposition
- A. C. Finnefrock, L. J. Bullert, K. L. Ringland, P. D. Tingi, H. D. Abruña, J. D. Brock
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 451 / 1996
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 February 2011, 49
- Print publication:
- 1996
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We report in situ time-resolved surface x-ray scattering measurements of the underpoten-tial deposition of Cu2+ on Pt(111) in the presence of Cl− in HClO4 solution. Chronoamperometric (current vs. time) measurements indicate that after a potential step, the electrode-position current decays to 1/e of its initial value in at most 0.12 seconds. In contrast, our simultaneous time-resolved surface x-ray scattering data reveal that the overlayer requires on the order of two seconds to develop long-range periodic order. These results demonstrate that the kinetics of surface ordering can be significantly different from the kinetics of charge-transfer and illustrate the power of time-resolved surface x-ray scattering for in situ studies of electrodeposition.
Griechische Goldbleche des 8 Jahrhunderts v. Chr. By Dieter Ohly. Pp. 171, 31 pll. Berlin: Gebr. Mann, 1953. DM. 28.
- J. K. Brock
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Hellenic Studies / Volume 74 / November 1954
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 December 2013, pp. 226-227
- Print publication:
- November 1954
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Excavations in Siphnos
- J. K. Brock, G. Mackworth Young
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- Journal:
- Annual of the British School at Athens / Volume 44 / November 1949
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 October 2013, pp. 1-92
- Print publication:
- November 1949
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The delay in the publication of this report is due to World War II, and therefore requires no apology from us. A few drawings, notes and photographs were lost or mislaid during the evacuation of April 1941, and have not yet been traced. Post-war conditions have made it impossible to revisit Siphnos, where the great majority of the finds were stored. Such a visit, however, might not have availed us much, since, according to an official report received by the Ministry of Education during the occupation, the officer in command of the Italian garrison took all the objects of value into his own custody, on the ground that they were insecurely housed. As this officer appropriated the catalogue also, the persons making the report were unable to say which of the finds had been removed; but it is believed that the two important seventh-century figurines in vase technique (Pls. 6–8) are among those missing.
Excavations at Thermi
- W. Lamb, J. K. Brock
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- Journal:
- Annual of the British School at Athens / Volume 31 / November 1931
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 October 2013, pp. 148-165
- Print publication:
- November 1931
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Since the first account of Thermi was written for Vol. XXX, a large area has been excavated, completing, more or less, the Early Bronze Age settlement, and defining, as far as is possible, a settlement belonging to the Late Bronze Age.
As space is not unlimited, I have here omitted questions dealt with in Vol. XXX, and, when discussing new aspects of the site, have published less detailed evidence than I could wish. In short, this report must be supplemented, not only by the earlier one, but by a separate and complete publication. In the meantime, I have done my best to give a general outline of the new developments.
The staff consisted of Miss Six, Mr. Hutchinson, Mr. Brock, Miss Mitchell (who was responsible for the maps during one season), myself and, for a shorter period, Mr. Cuttle of Downing College and Miss Horner of Newnham College.